Substitution Effects: A Problematic Justification for the Third-Party Doctrine of the Fourth Amendment

INTRODUCTION ................................................................................... 613 I. THE THIRD-PARTY DOCTRINE AND SUBSTITUTION EFFECTS .................................................................................... 614 II. DESCRIPTIVE PROBLEMS WITH SUBSTITUTION EFFECTS .... 616 A. Criminal Motivation: The Supreme Court and Substitution Effects ................................................................................... 616 1. United States v. Miller .................................................... 617 2. Smith v. Maryland ......................................................... 618 3. The Supreme Court Has Not Adopted the Substitution Effects Justification ................................... 619 B. Technological Neutrality and Surveillance Myths ................... 619 1. Low-Tech Langour, High-Tech Hypertrophism......... 620 2. Miller and Smith Revisited ............................................ 622 3. A Thought Experiment................................................. 623 III. INNOCENCE CONSIDERATIONS: A NORMATIVE GAP .......... 624 A. Innocence Ideology and the Fourth Amendment ...................... 625 B. The Substituting Innocent Citizen ......................................... 627 C. Self-Flagellation and Reverse Substitution Effects .................. 628 CONCLUSION ....................................................................................... 630